Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load . 其次,需要确定所作用的载荷。
Plastic deformation takes place first at the crack tip and spreads across the solid as the applied load is increased beyond general yielding . 塑性变形首先发现在裂纹顶端,当工作载荷超过了普通屈服时,则传播到物体中。
Analyses of dynamic crack propagation and crack arrest for a specified initial flaw size, external geometry, and applied load can be conducted in either of two different ways . 为特定的初始裂纹尺寸、外部几何形状和应用载荷对动态裂纹扩展和裂停止进行分析,可以用两种不同方法中的任何一种来进行。
The external forces include reactions ( r ) as well as applied loads ( p ) 外力包括反力r和施加力荷载p 。